Linux 磁盘分区、挂载、卸载、删除、修改

Linux

1. 查看磁盘及分区信息

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# 查看磁盘信息
$ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors  # 新加的硬盘
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbeb16a3a

Device     Boot    Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1  *        2048 39942143 39940096   19G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2       39944190 41940991  1996802  975M  5 Extended
/dev/sdb5       39944192 41940991  1996800  975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris

# 查看磁盘分区信息
$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0    2G  0 disk  # 新加的硬盘
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   0   19G  0 part /
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part
└─sdb5   8:21   0  975M  0 part [SWAP]
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

# 查看磁盘挂载信息
$ df -lh
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev            1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs           389M  592K  388M   1% /run
/dev/sdb1        19G  2.6G   16G  15% /
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs           389M     0  389M   0% /run/user/1000

# fdisk命令帮助
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda

Command (m for help): m

Help:

  DOS (MBR)
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit nested BSD disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

  Generic
   d   delete a partition
   F   list free unpartitioned space
   l   list known partition types
   n   add a new partition
   p   print the partition table
   t   change a partition type
   v   verify the partition table
   i   print information about a partition

  Misc
   m   print this menu
   u   change display/entry units
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

  Script
   I   load disk layout from sfdisk script file
   O   dump disk layout to sfdisk script file

  Save & Exit
   w   write table to disk and exit
   q   quit without saving changes

  Create a new label
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   s   create a new empty Sun partition table

2. 创建分区

  • 主分区 + 扩展分区总共不能超过 4 个，扩展分区最多只有 1 个，主分区至少有 1 个。逻辑分区可以有若干个
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$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda
# 1G主分区sda1
Command (m for help): n  # 新建分区
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p  # 新建主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1  # 分区号
First sector (2048-4194303, default 2048):  # 柱面起始值
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-4194303, default 4194303): +1G  # 柱面结束值

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.

# 200M主分区sda2
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (2099200-4194303, default 2099200):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-4194303, default 4194303): +200M

Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 200 MiB.

# 200M主分区sda3
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (2508800-4194303, default 2508800):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2508800-4194303, default 4194303): +200M

Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 200 MiB.

# 200M扩展分区sda4
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): e  # 新建扩展分区

Selected partition 4
First sector (2918400-4194303, default 2918400):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2918400-4194303, default 4194303): +200M

Created a new partition 4 of type 'Extended' and of size 200 MiB.

# 100M逻辑分区sda5
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (2920448-3327999, default 2920448):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2920448-3327999, default 3327999): +100M

Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.

# 98M逻辑分区sda6
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (3127296-3327999, default 3127296):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (3127296-3327999, default 3327999):

Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 98 MiB.

Command (m for help): w  # 保存分区表
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

# 打印当前硬盘分区信息
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda -l
Disk /dev/sda: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x1bd200c3

Device     Boot   Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1          2048 2099199 2097152    1G 83 Linux  # 1G主分区
/dev/sda2       2099200 2508799  409600  200M 83 Linux  # 200M主分区
/dev/sda3       2508800 2918399  409600  200M 83 Linux  # 200M主分区
/dev/sda4       2918400 3327999  409600  200M  5 Extended  # 200M扩展分区
/dev/sda5       2920448 3125247  204800  100M 83 Linux  # 100M逻辑分区（sda5是第一个逻辑分区，所以起始柱面和sda4一样）
/dev/sda6       3127296 3327999  200704   98M 83 Linux  # 98M逻辑分区

3. 格式化分区

  • 建立好分区后，需要先格式化分区。否则会提示必须知道文件系统类型
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$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1  # sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda1
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda5
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda6

4. 挂载分区

  • 新建 5 个文件夹用来挂载分区。sda4 是扩展分区不能用来挂载，它的逻辑分区 sda5 和 sda6 是可以挂载的
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$ sudo mkdir -p /data/disk{1..6}
$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /data/disk1
$ sudo mount /dev/sda2 /data/disk2
$ sudo mount /dev/sda3 /data/disk3
$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /data/disk5
$ sudo mount /dev/sda6 /data/disk6

$ df -lh
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev            1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs           389M  616K  388M   1% /run
/dev/sdb1        19G  3.4G   15G  19% /
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs           389M     0  389M   0% /run/user/1000
/dev/sda1       974M   24K  907M   1% /data/disk1
/dev/sda2       189M   14K  175M   1% /data/disk2
/dev/sda3       189M   14K  175M   1% /data/disk3
/dev/sda5        92M   14K   85M   1% /data/disk5
/dev/sda6        90M   14K   83M   1% /data/disk6

5. 自动挂载

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# 这种方式有点问题，虚拟机重启后sda变成了sdb
# $ sudo vim /etc/fstab
# /dev/sda1    /data/disk1    ext4    defaults    0    2
# /dev/sda2    /data/disk2    ext4    defaults    0    2
# /dev/sda3    /data/disk3    ext4    defaults    0    2
# /dev/sda5    /data/disk5    ext4    defaults    0    2
# /dev/sda6    /data/disk6    ext4    defaults    0    2

$ sudo blkid /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1: UUID="532f00f4-71ce-40a0-9b6d-bfa53727d16c" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="1bd200c3-01"

$ sudo vim /etc/fstab
UUID=532f00f4-71ce-40a0-9b6d-bfa53727d16c    /data/disk1    ext4    defaults    0    2
UUID=d87ac855-1ffc-4295-9595-f33803449893    /data/disk2    ext4    defaults    0    2
UUID=1882b989-e8f9-46ff-b187-df05f64469c5    /data/disk3    ext4    defaults    0    2
UUID=c3ac8358-b7e7-4205-9ad2-0dba3440c2a0    /data/disk5    ext4    defaults    0    2
UUID=c78ea3ad-c0c4-4f66-b224-7c20a0b801ca    /data/disk6    ext4    defaults    0    2

# 把配置文件中的所有分区重新挂载一遍
$ sudo mount -a

6. 卸载分区

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$ sudo umount /dev/sda6
$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0    2G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /data/disk1
├─sda2   8:2    0  200M  0 part /data/disk2
├─sda3   8:3    0  200M  0 part /data/disk3
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part
├─sda5   8:5    0  100M  0 part /data/disk5
└─sda6   8:6    0   98M  0 part
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   0   19G  0 part /
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part
└─sdb5   8:21   0  975M  0 part [SWAP]
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

7. 删除分区

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$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.36.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): d  # 删除分区
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6  # 分区编号

Partition 6 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): w  # 写入磁盘分区表
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0    2G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /data/disk1
├─sda2   8:2    0  200M  0 part /data/disk2
├─sda3   8:3    0  200M  0 part /data/disk3
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part
└─sda5   8:5    0  100M  0 part /data/disk5
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk
├─sdb1   8:17   0   19G  0 part /
├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part
└─sdb5   8:21   0  975M  0 part [SWAP]
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom
  • 使用 partprobe 或者 kpartx 使分区表立刻生效，或者重启机器
  • 如果要删除一个磁盘所有分区，更简单的做法是格式化磁盘
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$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda

8. 修改分区系统类型 id

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# 把sda2分区系统类型id修改为Linux LVM
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): t  # 改变分区类型
Partition number (1-5, default 5): 2  # 分区号
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): L  # 查看所有类型

00 Empty            24 NEC DOS          81 Minix / old Lin  bf Solaris
01 FAT12            27 Hidden NTFS Win  82 Linux swap / So  c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
02 XENIX root       39 Plan 9           83 Linux            c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
03 XENIX usr        3c PartitionMagic   84 OS/2 hidden or   c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
04 FAT16 <32M       40 Venix 80286      85 Linux extended   c7 Syrinx
05 Extended         41 PPC PReP Boot    86 NTFS volume set  da Non-FS data
06 FAT16            42 SFS              87 NTFS volume set  db CP/M / CTOS / .
07 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT  4d QNX4.x           88 Linux plaintext  de Dell Utility
08 AIX              4e QNX4.x 2nd part  8e Linux LVM        df BootIt
09 AIX bootable     4f QNX4.x 3rd part  93 Amoeba           e1 DOS access
0a OS/2 Boot Manag  50 OnTrack DM       94 Amoeba BBT       e3 DOS R/O
0b W95 FAT32        51 OnTrack DM6 Aux  9f BSD/OS           e4 SpeedStor
0c W95 FAT32 (LBA)  52 CP/M             a0 IBM Thinkpad hi  ea Linux extended
0e W95 FAT16 (LBA)  53 OnTrack DM6 Aux  a5 FreeBSD          eb BeOS fs
0f W95 Ext'd (LBA)  54 OnTrackDM6       a6 OpenBSD          ee GPT
10 OPUS             55 EZ-Drive         a7 NeXTSTEP         ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12     56 Golden Bow       a8 Darwin UFS       f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost  5c Priam Edisk      a9 NetBSD           f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3  61 SpeedStor        ab Darwin boot      f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16     63 GNU HURD or Sys  af HFS / HFS+       f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF  64 Novell Netware   b7 BSDI fs          fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep   65 Novell Netware   b8 BSDI swap        fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3  70 DiskSecure Mult  bb Boot Wizard hid  fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3  75 PC/IX            bc Acronis FAT32 L  fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1  80 Old Minix        be Solaris boot     ff BBT

Aliases:
   linux          - 83
   swap           - 82
   extended       - 05
   uefi           - EF
   raid           - FD
   lvm            - 8E
   linuxex        - 85
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 8e  # 改为LVM

Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x1520bf3e

Device     Boot   Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1          2048 2099199 2097152    1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       2099200 2508799  409600  200M 8e Linux LVM  # 类型已改变
/dev/sda3       2508800 2918399  409600  200M 83 Linux
/dev/sda4       2918400 3327999  409600  200M  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       2920448 3125247  204800  100M 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w  # 写入磁盘分区表
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.

9. 添加交换分区

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# 创建一个主分区或逻辑分区
# 初始化交换分区
$ mkswap /dev/sda7
# 挂载分区
$ vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vda7 swap swap defaults 0 0
# 启动交换分区
$ swapon -a
# 查看交换分区
$ swapon

参考